Evolutionary models propose a "geological column" of 12 strata, each spanning millions of years. (Pleistocene, Pliocene, Miocene. etc.). Each one supposedly lasted millions of years; one came after the other, and all the fossils within each was laid down during that time. However:
· Only 15% of Earth’s surface displays two or more strata in the correct sequence.1 Anywhere in the world you wish to go, most of the strata are missing!
· Iconic sites like the Grand Canyon lack half the 12 periods and show strata, such as the Cambrian Mauve and Mississippian Redwall formations, intermixed despite their supposed 200-million-year separation.
Grand Canyon facts:
All of the horizontal layer contain marine fossils such as corals and clams. Marine Fossils are found on every continent in the world.
There is a layer formation that has been found across the U.S. called the Coconino Sandstone or “the bathtub ring”. In other states it’s also called the “Cedar Hills Sandstone”, “Duncan Sandstone”, and the “Glorietta Sandstone”.
The Tapeats Sandstone, one of the lowest layers of the Grand Canyon, appears to form a single sandstone body that blankets across North American, extending from California on the west northward to Montana, covering much of North Dakota, and across the Midwest to New England. The same formation in southern Israel is called the Nabatean Sandstone of Petra.
The Redwall limestone is grey limestone stained red from the iron oxide in the above layer. This same limestone can be found in much of North America, England, and in the Himalaya Mountains.
Absence of vertical erosion cuts- no erosion between rock layers- Grand2
· Heart Mountain- Rock at the summit of Heart Mountain is 250 million years older than at its base. That suggests the top and the bottom have not always been together. The presumed migration to its present home has puzzled scientists for years. They have known the mountain moved, but no one has explained how it happened or how long it took. This mountain in Wyoming, located just east of Yellowstone, did not fall apart gradually through uniformitarian processes; rather, it did so in a matter of approximately thirty minutes as widely reported including in the LiveScience.com, "Land Speed Record: Mountain Moves 62 Miles in 30 Minutes."3 The evidence indicates that this mountain of rock covering 425 square miles rapidly broke into 50 pieces and slid apart over an area of more than 1,300 square miles in a biblical, not a "geological," time frame.
· Erosion rates contradict long timescales, as dinosaur tracks would have vanished long ago. Example: If one thousands of an inch erodes in 1,000 years, then 60 million years of time equates to 60” or 5 feet of erosion on surface!4 All dinosaur tracks would be totally eroded away!
· The slowest marine creatures in the lowest strata, slowest land animals higher up.5
Radio Halos: Physicist Robert Gentry has reported isolated radio halos of polonium-214 in crystalline granite. The half-life of this element is 0.0001643 seconds.6 To record the existence of this element in such a rapid time, the granite must be in a crystalline state instantaneously; not 300 million years! Also, the half-life of Polonium-218 is just 3 minutes!
2. Evidence of a Global Flood
In most academic circles today, the interpretation of earth’s history is defined within the narrow boundaries of the uniformitarian evolution-linear model. The biblical record clearly describes a global flood during Noah’s day. Additionally, there are some 500 ubiquitous flood traditions handed down through cultures across the world. Professor M.E. Clark and Henry Voss have demonstrated the scientific validity of such a flood providing the sedimentary layering we see on every continent.7
The breakup of the fountains of the great deep caused violent supersonic steam jets to shoot up through the cracks in Basaltic rock of the planet by some estimates upward of 200 miles high. Basaltic rock has a high calcium content so lots of calcium was being added to ocean water. In addition, the resulting LOSS of atmospheric pressure on earth resulted in much carbon dioxide being released from the ocean water much like unscrewing the cap on a two liter Sprite bottle.8 So you have Ca + H20 + C02 > CaC03 (calcium carbonate ) or limey mud being washed onto the land by tidal waves during the flood of Noah's day. Secular scholars have also confirmed very rapid sedimentation and periods of great carbonate deposition in earth’s sedimentary layers.9
Scientific studies also demonstrate the plausibility of such a flood, with mechanisms such as:
· The "fountains of the great deep" causing supersonic steam jets, depositing limey mud (calcium carbonate) rapidly.
· The formation of bent strata, intercontinental sedimentary layers, and the absence of erosion cuts between layers.
The Bible describes a global flood in Noah’s time, a claim supported by:
- Sedimentary deposits across continents, formed by rapid deposition.10
· Polystrate fossils: Trees extending through multiple rock layers standing upright through multiple rock layers. (Poly means many, strata means geologic layer). Many polystrate fossils have been buried crossing layers typically claimed to form over many thousands or even a million years.12 Polystrate fossils require rapid deposition.
Regarding trees, areas noted for polystrate tree fossils include:
- Australia - Joggins in Nova Scotia - Sydney, Nova Scotia (260 miles from Joggins) - Lancashire in England - Germany's Ruhr region - Specimen Ridge in Yellowstone - St. Etienne in France - Blount County, Alabama - Eastern U.S.
Evidence for rapid formation in the Earth’s Sedimentary Deposits:
parallel layers
uniform thickness
absence of vertical erosion cuts
meteorites only in the topmost layers
absence of past vegetation or topsoil between layers
polystrate fossils
cataclysmic & rapid burial
bent rock strata
Intercontinental sedimentary layers (limestone layers =1,500 ft thick)
75% of the continents are covered with sedimentary rock layers; some 1 mile thick.
Mt. St. Helen’s recent confirmation: On March 19, 1982 a small eruption melted the snow causing a mud flow, which eroded a canyon system up to 140 feet deep forming the little Grand Canyon; also the formation of Engineer’s Canyon.
In 1926 the Burlingame Canyon near Walla Walla, Washington, is a geological formation that showcases distinct layers of sediment and was observed to have formed in less than six days. It measures 1500 feet long, up to 120 feet deep, and 120 feet wide.
In 2002, a flood was diverted around a dam in Canyon Lake of Central Texas. The flood carved through solid bedrock, resulting in a 2 mile long canyon up to 20 feet deep within a 3 day period. Enormous boulders tumbled like marbles, and enough sediment to fill 1,000 football stadiums was instantaneously displaced.
other canyons in the US:
Zion Canyon, Utah
Bryce Canyon, Utah
Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, Wyoming
Bighorn Canyon, Wyoming
Black Canyon of the Gunnison, Colorado
Elevenmile Canyon, Colorado
Grand Canyon of the East, New York’s Letchworth State Park
Watkins Glen Gorge, New York
Niagara Gorge, US/Canada
Quechee Gorge, Vermont
Tallulah Gorge, Georgia
Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Ohio
Palo Duro Canyon, Texas
other canyons around the world:
Fish River Canyon, Namibia- Regarded as one of the world’s natural wonders. Second only in size to the Grand Canyon. It is 100 miles long, 16 miles wide, and 600 feet deep and contains evidence of rapid burial of plants, animals, and the transport of sediment over a long distance and the deposition of many strata in rapid succession.
Copper Canyon, Mexico- Deeper and longer than the Grand Canyon.
Indus Gorge, Himalayan Mountains- one of the world’s deepest gorges ranging from 14,800 - 17,100 feet deep
Yarlung Tsangpo Canyon, Tibet- 19,714 deep extending for 313 miles
Kali Gandaki Gorge, Nepal- the world’s deepest canyon at about 36,000 feet from the top of the adjacent mountains to the bottom of the gorge.
Mega Canyon, Greenland- Discovered hidden under a mile of ice in 2013 using radar data from NASA’s Operation IceBridge. It may be the longest canyon in the world at 460 miles long and a half-mile deep.
3. The Fossil Record
The fossil record is a hostile witness against evolution.The vertebrae fossil record only is 0.025% of the fossils! Over 95% are invertebrate fossils. The absence of transitional forms is an embarrassment to the evolutionist. If evolution is true, we should see mostly “transitional” forms rather than “terminal” forms.13
"The extreme rarity of transitional forms in the fossil record is the trade secret of paleontologist”- Professor Stephen J. Gould.
“Evolution requires transitional forms and paleontology does not provide them”.- Dr. David Kitts, D.M.
"We have discovered the tomb of 10,000 dinosaurs.. There was a flood. This was no ordinary spring flood from one of the streams in the area, but a catastrophic inundation.. We believe that this was a living, breathing group of dinosaurs destroyed in one catastrophic moment.”- Jack Horner14
The fossil record supports recent creation over evolution:
Transitional forms, essential to evolutionary theory, are conspicuously absent.15
Fossils like dinosaurs are often found in catastrophic "death poses," consistent with rapid burial during a global flood.
Out of place fossils, living fossils, insects/plants trapped in amber
mummified dinosaurs, soft tissue preservation
4. Cosmological and Astronomical Evidence
Faint Sun Paradox, recession of the moon, age of the sun, supernova remnants, short-lived comets
Light echoes from two “ancient” supernova remnants in the Large Magellanic Cloud are now reported to be only 410 and 610 years old.16 Supernova remnants of RCW 86 in Centaurus supposedly exploded about 10,000 years ago. The Space.com article published on September 26, 2006, titled "Astronomers Find Supernova First Spotted 2,000 Years Ago," discusses the identification of the supernova remnant RCW 86 as the remains of a stellar explosion observed by Chinese astronomers in 185 A.D.
The article explains that recent X-ray data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton Observatory have provided evidence supporting this identification. The supernova, initially recorded as a "guest star" in ancient Chinese records, is now understood to be the earliest documented supernova observation. Astronomers now realize this event was witnessed by the Chinese a mere 1,821 years ago.17
Increasing awareness of recent dates to cosmological activity in the vicinity of our Solar System and our Galaxy fit nicely with the creation model. The “near heavens” are young, and “deep time” in “deep space” is readily explained by the stretching of space fabric during the first week of creation.18
· Supernova remnants in the Large Magellanic Cloud, thought to be ancient, are only 410–610 years old.
· The Sun exhibits characteristics of a young, homogeneous star rather than an ancient one. A team of Russian astronomers, writing in the respected British scientific journal Nature demonstrated how their research pointed clearly to the startling fact that the sun does not seem to possess a large dense nuclear burning core. Instead, their results modeled the sun as bearing characteristics of a very young homogenous star.
5. Helium Content in Earth’s Atmosphere
Physicist Melvin Cook, Nobel Prize medalist found that helium-4 enters our atmosphere from solar wind and radioactive decay of uranium. At present rates our atmosphere would accumulate current helium-4 amounts in less than 10,000 years.
6. Earth’s Magnetic Field
The late Dr. Thomas Barnes, Emeritus Professor of Physics at the University of Texas at El Paso, has published the definitive work in this field. Scientific observations since 1829 have shown that the earth’s magnetic field has been measurably decaying at an exponential rate, demonstrating its half-life to be approximately 1,400 years. Earth’s magnetic field is pretty important and allows us to see the beautiful Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis as it protects us from solar radiation.
In practical application its strength just 20,000 years ago would approximate that of a magnetic star. Fact: Under those conditions many of the atoms necessary for life processes could not form.
But our magnetic field is winding down. It’s not as strong now as it was in the past. The earth’s magnetic field is decaying rapidly, with a half-life of 1,400 years, limiting its age to less than 20,000 years. It has been demonstrated that the total energy in the earth’s magnetic field is decreasing with a half-life of approximately 1,400 years. At that rate the field could not be more than 20,000 years old. Actually, estimates show that in just 20,000 years, our magnetic field will disappear. These data demonstrate that earth’s entire history is young, within a few thousand of years.
Other planets have magnetic fields too.
Before we knew the strengths of the magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune, Dr. Russell Humphrey’s modeled and predicted how strong their magnetic fields would be based on an estimate of only 6,000 years of decay. When Voyager 2 traveled past these distant worlds and measured their magnetic fields… guess what?
The evolutionary predictions based on a Big Bang time frame were vastly off. However, it turned out that Dr. Humphrey’s research was nearly spot-on. Scientific validation of his prediction that he’d based on biblical data. He had accurately predicted the magnetic fields of these planets before the space probes reached the planets. Magnetic fields don’t last billions of years.
7. Human population growth
The science of population growth statistics given in standard texts predicts a current population of about 6.5 billion people, beginning with eight people around 4,500 years ago. On the other hand, using the same criteria applied to assumed evolutionary dates, earth’s population after only 41,000 years would be 2 x 1089 population. There is not enough room to pack this number of human bodies in the entire known universe!19
8. The Complexity of the Cell
Cells are astonishingly complex, containing over 60,000 proteins in 100 configurations, each interdependent.20 The chance of such a cell forming randomly is 1 in 104,478,296—a statistical impossibility.21 This points to intelligent design rather than random chance.
9. Rapid Rise in Human Genetic Disorders
New human genetic disorders have increased in an accelerating pattern in spite of medical and public health advances.22 This information demonstrates a recent limit to the optimal function of the human body and its supportive environment. The increase in genetic disorders over time demonstrates degeneration rather than evolutionary progress.23
10. Increasing Dysfunction of the Infant Human Brain
In its original genetic potential “the uniquely human ‘consciousness’- variously defined as language, introspection, self-awareness, and abstract thinking- eludes scientific measurement.”24 “People can actually reason, anticipate consequences, and devise plans- all without knowing they are doing so.”25 Yet, the prevalence of autistic disorder in human infants, indicating genetic and environmental dysfunction, has increased at an alarming rate from 1994 through 2006, and is still rising. Taken at face value this scientific measurement of human brain capacity shows the opposite of human evolution. Using this scientific measurement of “efficiency” to “degeneration” of the human brain renders a time span in only thousands of years.
11. Intact Biological Material
DNA and other biological material rapidly decay due to natural radioactivity, mutations, and chemical breakdown. Measurements of the mutation rates of mitochondrial DNA recently forced researchers to revise the age of “mitochondrial Eve” from a theorized 200,000 years down to possibly as low as 6,000 years!26 Bacteria allegedly 250 million years old apparently have been revived with no DNA damage.27 Experts have been astounded by the discovery of soft tissue and blood vessels from a T. Rex Dinosaur.28 Contrary to what you may have heard, according to a study published in Nature, researchers calculated that DNA only has a half-life of 521 years.29
Yes, you read that right, 521 years. That means that after 521 years, half of the bonds between the nucleotides have degraded; after another 521 years, half of the remaining bonds would have gone; and so on. The team predicts that even under ideal preservation temperatures of −5º C, effectively every bond is destroyed after a maximum of 6.8 million years—not 65 million years as we have been told.
The conclusion from these data, along with discoveries like Carbon 14 in diamonds assumed to be hundreds of millions or billions of years old demonstrate that science supports a young earth and recent creation.
12. Dinosaur Soft tissues
Soft tissue and red blood cells found in dinosaur fossils defy the assumptions of millions of years. Dr. Mary Schweitzer's groundbreaking discovery of soft tissue in fossilized dinosaur bones revolutionized the field of paleontology. In 2005, Schweitzer and her team identified preserved structures resembling blood vessels, collagen, and cells in the 68-million-year-old femur of a Tyrannosaurus rex.30 Using advanced imaging and biochemical analyses, the research confirmed that these tissues were original and not mineral replacements. This discovery challenged long-held assumptions about the decay of organic material over time and opened new avenues for studying ancient proteins, DNA, and evolutionary biology. It also sparked debate regarding fossilization processes and the dating of dinosaur remains.31 The document hosted on the DSTRI website, titled "Preliminary Report on Mummified Soft Tissue in Fossil Dinosaur Bone Using Multiple Spectroscopic Analyses" by Mark H. Armitage, presents a detailed study on the discovery and analysis of preserved soft tissues in fossilized dinosaur bones.32 Using advanced spectroscopic techniques, the research provides evidence of collagen and other biological materials retained within the fossil matrix. This finding challenges conventional views on the degradation of organic materials over millions of years and supports hypotheses of rapid fossilization and preservation under specific environmental conditions. The study emphasizes the implications of such discoveries for paleontology and models of Earth's history.33 Oh, he’s also discovering blood clots. Article here: Dino Blood Clots. For all other updates go here: Articles and Updates
As of May 2018, twenty-six scientific journals, including Nature, Science, PNAS, PLoS One, Bone, and Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, have confirmed the discovery of biomaterial fossils from many dinosaurs! Organisms including T. Rex, hadrosaur, titanosaur, triceratops, Lufengosaur, mosasaur, and Archaeopteryx, and many others dated, allegedly, even hundreds of millions of years old, have yielded their endogenous, still-soft biological material. See the web's most complete listing of 100+ journal papers announcing these discoveries at bflist.rsr.org and see it in layman's terms at rsr.org/soft.
in animals: All sheep & goats come from 5 original sheep & goats. Animals went in by two’s (unclean) & sevens (clean). Two of the goats & sheep were taken off the ark for a burnt offering leaving only five to repopulate the earth. Genetic studies of present-day domestic goats have revealed multiple highly divergent maternal lineages (A, B, C, D, and E).34
in humans: The human genome has 23 pairs of chromosomes. One of those pairs, known as the sex chromosome (because they determine gender), consists of two X chromosomes in females, and one X-chromosome and one Y-chromosome in males. Females receive one of their X-chromosomes from their mother and the other from their father. Males receive the X only from their mother and the Y only from the father. Therefore, the Y-chromosome is passed directly from father to son. Because of this, scientist are able to trace male ancestry. In 1995, the journal Science published the results of a study in which a segment of the human Y-chromosome from 38 men from different ethnic groups were analyzed for variation.35 The segment of the Y-chromosome consisted of 729 base pairs. Astonishingly, the evidence concludes that every man descends from a single man whom scientist now refer to a “Y-Chromosomal Adam”.
While Chromosomes are passed down from father to son, mitochondial-DNA is passed down from mother to both daughter and son known as “Mitochondrial Eve”. Because mitochondrion-DNA is only passed on by the mother only, mitochondrial linage is the same maternal lineage. While Y-Chromosomal Adam is believed to be the ancestor of every living man, Mitochondrial Eve is believed to be the mother of all living humans, male and female.
Some have calculated that the “mitochondrial Eve” probably lived 100,000 to 200,000 years ago in Africa. However, it has been found that mtDNA can experience a much faster mutation rate. In 1998, Ann Gibbons publication “Calibrating the Mitochondrial Clock became a research lighting rod. The abstract for Ann Gibbons article: “Mitochondrial DNA appears to mutate much faster than expected, prompting new DNA forensics procedures and raising troubling questions about eh dating of evolutionary events.” Concerning when “mitochondrial Eve” lived, “using the new clock, she would be a mere 6,000 years old.36 (correcting by a factor of 20, gives Y-Adam a maximum age of 4,500 years ago (90,0000/20= 4,500) and the same corrections gives Mitochondrial Eve a max age of 6,000 years (90,000 + 30,000/20 = 6,000). This coincides with biblical time frame.37 Even so, obtaining mtDNA dates requires assumptions in the formula. Even genetic scientists are uncertain regarding the dates!38
Clark, M.E., & Voss, H.D., “Fluid Mechanic Examination of the Tial Mechanism for Producing Mega-Sedimentary Layering”. Third International Conference on Creation, Pittsburg, July 1994.
Archer, D., Maier-Reimer, E. Effect of deep-sea sedimentary calcite preservation on atmospheric CO2 concentration. Nature 367, 260–263 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1038/367260a0
Gibson, L. (2016, August 4). China’s Great Flood may be no myth. Harvard Magazine. https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2016/08/harvard-researchers-find-evidence-of-chinas-great-flood
Rest, A., Suntzeff, N., Olsen, K. et al. Light echoes from ancient supernovae in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Nature 438, 1132–1134 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04365
McKusick, V.A., Mendelian Inheritance in Man: a Catalog of Human Genes and Genetic Disorders, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1998, Vol. 1, pg. 13-18.
Vreeland, R.H., W.D. Rosenzweig, and D.W. Powers, Isolation of a 250 million year old halotolerant Bactererium from a Primary Salt Crystal, Nature 407:897-900 (19 Oct 2000)
Schweitzer, M., J.L. Wittmeyer, J.R. Horner, and J.K. Toporski, Soft-Tissue Vessels and Cellular Preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex, Science, 207:1952-1955 (25 Mar 2005).
North Carolina State University. "NC State Paleontologist Discovers Soft Tissue In Dinosaur Bones." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/03/050325100541.htm
Armitage, M. H., & Anderson, K. L. (2013). Soft sheets of fibrillar bone from a fossil of the supraorbital horn of the dinosaur Triceratops horridus. Acta Histochemica, 115(6), 603–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2013.01.001
Also See: Armitage, M. H. (2001). Scanning electron microscope study of mummified collagen fibers in fossil Tyrannosaurus rex bone. Creation Research Society Quarterly, 38(2).
Divergent mtDNA lineages of goats in an Early Neolithic site, far from the initial domestication areas. (Helena Fernández, Sandrine Hughes, Jean-Denis Vigne, Daniel Helmer, Greg Hodgins, Christian Miquel, Catherine Hänni, Gordon Luikart, Pierre Taberlet) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Oct 2006, 103 (42) 15375-15379; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602753103
Also see: “DNA Trends Confirm Noah's Family, Acts & Facts, July 2016, ICR. https://www.icr.org/i/pdf/af/af1607.pdf
Dan Graur & William Martin, “Reading the Entrails of Chickens: Molecular Timescales of Evolution and the Illusion of Precision,” Trends in Genetics, 20 (2004); 80-86.
